Is it Kenpo or Kempo?

(an explanation by Mr. Steven Resell from a recent discussion on Facebook)

KeMpo or KeNpo, 拳法, is simply the Japanese translation of the word “Chuan Fa” (quan fa), with the Cantonese romanization typically being “Ken Fat” / “Kyun Faat”, denoting self-defense systems with a Chinese origin.

In the West, it is often translated as “law of the fist”. However, the more literal translation is “fist method”. This should not be confused with Kenpo, the sword method, as it is written with different Chinese characters 剣法 but pronounced the same as Kenpo (fist method) in Japanese.

In Chinese, the typical meaning of the word “Chuan Fa” is “boxing” or ‘fighting technique’. From a Japanese perspective, when saying Kempo, it has an implied meaning of “Chinese Boxing” or “Chinese Fighting Techniques”.

Is it spelled with an N or M?

Then there’s the question in regards to spelling of KeNpo vs KeMpo. I’ve heard some argue that if they spell it with a “N” that it is of Chinese origin, while spelling it with a “M” denotes Japanese origin.

This is also an incorrect assumption.

It is simply a romanization “error”. It is the same characters in Japanese and is pronounced exactly the same. In “hiragana” (the Japanese phonetic alphabet) both Kenpo and Kempo would be spelled in this manner: けんぽう.

The romanization to KeMpo is from the traditional Hepburn romanization system, which was first used in the 3rd edition of the Japanese – English dictionary in 1887, and named after James Curtis Hepburn.

Why the difference between KeNpo and KeMpo then?

The “original” art of KeNpo popularized in Hawaii was by Reverend James Mitose, who taught Kosho-Ryu Kenpo Jujutsu at the Official Self-Defense Club in Hawaii.

And the primary reason for the variation of spelling from Kenpo to KeMpo in Hawaii was because of Professor William K.S. Chow. He wanted to separate himself from the earlier spelling of KeNpo as used by Mitose, and also separate his art from the spelling used by some of his other students on the mainland (who chose to call their art KeNpo).

As a side note, Professor Chow was apparently the first in Hawaii to combine the words Kempo & Karate… to form the now popular term “Kempo Karate” (Kenpo Karate), although the term “Karate Kenpo” had been used prior (to Professor Chow’s usage) in the book “Karate Kenpo” by Mitsu Mizuho in 1933.

Copies of this book were brought to Hawaii by Mizuho himself in 1933, and it had been circulated within the Karate community there during the 1930s.